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“Religion” is Not a Human Universal

By Kyle Orton (@KyleWOrton) on 26 April 2026

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This entry was posted in History and tagged Antisemitism, Arab world, Arabs, Augustine, Bernard Lewis, Bible, Christendom, Christianity, Christians, church, clergy, Communism, deen, democracy, din, Enlightenment, ethnos, French Revolution, Fuqaha, Gaza War, God, Gospels, Hagarenes, Halakhah, HAMAS, infidels, Ioudaismos, Iranian Revolution, Ishmaelites, ISIS, Islam, Islamdom, Islamic Government, Islamic Revolution, Islamic State, Islamism, Islamists, jahiliyya, James George Frazer, Jews, jihadists, Judaism, laik, Muslim Brotherhood, Muslims, Mustafa Kemal, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, nationalism, Ottoman Empire, pagan, paganism, Papal Revolution, particularism, Persia, Prophet Muhammad, Reformation, religio, religion, Roman Empire, Ruhollah Khomeini, Russia, saecularia, saeculum, Safavids, secular, secularism, Shah, sharia, Shia, slavery, State, Sunni, Tanakh, ulema, umma, universalism, Westernisation, world religions on April 26, 2026 by KyleWOrton.

The Shah’s Perspective on the Islamic Revolution That Toppled Him

By Kyle Orton (@KyleWOrton) on 30 October 2022

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This entry was posted in History, Iran and tagged Abolhassan Banisadr, Afghanistan, al-Qaeda, Ali Khamene’i, Anthony Parsons, Anwar al-Sadat, Atatürk, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Bolshevik coup, Bolshevik Revolution, Catherine the Great, China, Cold War, Communism, craze, Ebrahim Yazdi Ruhollah Khomeini, Ekaterina II, Fakhr Arai, French Revolution, Great Civilisation, Hizballah, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, human rights, Ibrahim Yazdi, Iran, Iranian Revolution, IRGC, Islam, Islamic Republic, Islamic Revolution, Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, Islamism, Jafar Sharif-Emami, Jimmy Carter, John F. Kennedy, Kemalism, laik, Lebanon, Leonid Brezhnev, liberalisation, liberals, Liberation Movement of Iran, Libya, LMI, Mahsa Amini, Mehdi Bazargan, Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari, Mohammad Mosaddegh, Muammar al-Qaddafi, Muhammad Reza Pahlavi, mujahideen, Mustafa Kemal, Napoleon Bonaparte, Ngo Dinh Diem, Nicolae Ceausescu, Palestine Liberation Organisation, Parviz Sabeti, Persia, Peter the Great, PLO, propaganda, religion, Reza Khan, Reza Shah, Robert Huyser, Russian Revolution, Sadegh Ghotbzadeh, SAVAK, secularism, Shah, Soviet Union, Sun King Louis XIV, terrorism, Tsar Pyotr I, Tudeh, Turkey, Westernisation, White Revolution, William Sullivan, women’s rights on October 30, 2022 by KyleWOrton.

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